Purpose of Foundation :
To distribute the load of the structure over a large bearing area so as to bring intensity of loading within the safe bearing capacity of the soil lying underneath.To increase the stability of the structure, foundations are generally placed below the ground level. Following are the main functions of foundations : To transmit and distribute the total load of the structure to a larger area of underlying support. To prevent differential settlement of the structure.
The importance of Strong Foundations for Buildings
The strength of a building lies in its foundation. The main purpose of the foundation is to hold the structure above it and keep it upright. The foundation must be built such that, it keeps the ground moisture from seeping in and weakening the structure.Following are different types of foundations used in construction:
- Shallow foundation. Individual footing or isolated footing. Combined footing. Strip foundation. Raft or mat foundation.
- Deep Foundation. Pile foundation. Drilled Shafts or caissons.
The different types of footings used in construction are described below:
- Continuous Wall Footing. The footing which supports a long masonry or RCC wall is known as a continuous footing.
- Isolated Footing.
- Combined Footing.
- Strip Footing.
- Strap Footing.
- Raft Footing.
- Pile Footing.
Footing vs Foundation
The footing is a formation which is in contact with the ground. Foundation is a structure which transfers its gravity loads to earth from superstructure. The footing is a type of shallow foundation. Foundation can be shallow and deep.Following are different types of foundations used in construction:
- Shallow foundation. Individual footing or isolated footing. Combined footing. Strip foundation. Raft or mat foundation.
- Deep Foundation. Pile foundation. Drilled Shafts or caissons.
Unlike a public charity, a private foundation typically makes donations, called grants, to other charities. Private foundations make grants either to fund an organization's general operating expenses or to fund a specific program. They can also make grants to individuals if they follow IRS rules.
A Superstructure is an upward extension of an existing structure above a baseline called Ground Level in general and it usually serves the purpose of the structure's intended use. A Substructure is an underlying or supporting structure to superstructure. It is below ground level. Foundation is part of substructure.
A substructure is the supporting part of a structure. A foundation is the lowest load bearing part of a building/structure.
The basic components of a building structure are the foundation, floors, walls, beams, columns, roof, stair, etc. These elements serve the purpose of supporting, enclosing and protecting the building structure.
Plinth level: It is also called ground floor level. It is the level where you actually start seeing columns rising, from the floor, though columns penetrate up to footing. as well as It's the first level of beams from where superstructure starts. Beam which braces the plinth level is called plinth beam.
Plinth beam is a beam in a framed structure provided at or above (sometimes below) ground level that takes the load of the wall built on top of it. Most other beams are subjected to loads not only from walls but also the load from the slab, such as dead loads (self weight of slab, floor finish ets.) and live load.
Definition: Superstructure. SUPERSTRUCTURE (Marx): the ideologies that dominate a particular era, all that "men say, imagine, conceive," including such things as "politics, laws, morality, religion, metaphysics, etc." (Marx and Engels, German Ideology 47).
Marx defines the base as the social relations between men which create and produce materials that are eventually put up for exchange. From the base comes a superstructure in which laws, politics, religion and literature legitimize the power of the social classes that are formed in the base.
Tourism superstructure is defined as buildings or facilities that primarily serve the needs or interests of tourism/hospitality visitors.
Price: Generally, slab foundations are your cheapest option when it comes to foundations, an excellent choice if budget is front-of-mind. Low Maintenance: Of all foundation-types, slabs require the least amount of maintenance, adding to their pricing value.
Basements, crawl spaces and slabs are the three main foundation systems used on houses. In wet and coastal areas, it is sometimes common to put houses up on posts as well. The slab is probably the easiest foundation to build.
The selection of a particular type of foundation is often based on a number of factors, such as:
- Adequate depth. The foundation must have an adequate depth to prevent frost damage.
- Bearing capacity failure.
- Settlement.
- Quality.
- Adequate strength.
- Adverse soil changes.
- Seismic forces.
For a single storey building strip foundations will typically be 450mm wide and at least 200mm deep, and for two storeys 600mm wide and 200mm deep.
Under every house is a foundation, and under most foundations are footings. Most of the time we take footings for granted, and usually we can: For typical soils, a common 16- or 20-inch-wide footing can more than handle the relatively light weight of an ordinary house.
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These foundations are made from poured concrete – usually between four and eight inches deep – and reinforced with steel bars called rebar. Crawl space foundations have concrete footings beneath the ground with short concrete walls that extend a few feet above the surface for the house to rest on.
How Does a Foundation Go In?
- Pick a site, making sure to investigate the conditions of the soil.
- Have your lot surveyed.
- Start digging.
- Install the footings.
- Seal the footings to protect them from moisture.
- Once the concrete has cured, use concrete block to create the stem walls if you're building a basement.
Types of buildings:
- Residential Buildings.
- Educational Buildings.
- Institutional Buildings.
- Assembly Buildings.
- Business Buildings.
- Mercantile Buildings.
- Industrial Buildings.
- Storage Buildings.
Type 2: Non-Combustible
Type 2 construction is typically found in new buildings and remodels of commercial structures. The walls and roofs are constructed of non-combustible materials. Specifically, walls are usually reinforced masonry or tilt slab, while roofs have metal structural members and decking.Type IV construction (Heavy Timber, HT) is that type of construction in which the exterior walls are of noncombustible materials and the interior building elements are of solid or laminated wood without concealed spaces.
Definition of word-building
- : the act or process of forming words:
- a : word-formation.
- b : the act or process of spelling out words (as in a contest) with the use of only those letters found in a particular word or phrase.
The following are the sixteen divisions listed in the Master Format 1995 Edition.
- Division 01 — General Requirement.
- Division 02 — Site Construction.
- Division 03 — Concrete.
- Division 04 — Masonry.
- Division 05 — Metals.
- Division 06 — Wood and Plastics.
- Division 07 — Thermal and Moisture Protection.
TYPE II-B--Unprotected Non-Combustible (Most common type of non-combustible construction used in commercial buildings). Building constructed of non-combustible materials but these materials have no fire resistance. Exterior Walls* No fire resistance for structural frame, floors, ceilings, or roofs.
They are categorized into the following types. 1) Agricultural buildings 2) Commercial buildings 3) Residential buildings 4) Educational buildings 5) Government buildings 6) Industrial buildings 7) Military buildings 8) Religious buildings 9) Transport buildings 10) Power plants.
A-1 Buildings intended for the production and viewing of performing arts or motion pictures (theaters, concert halls). A-2 Buildings intended for food and/or drink consumption (restaurants). A-3 Buildings intended for worship, recreation or amusement and other assembly uses not otherwise classified.
The easiest way to define a Type II building is that is has the same structural characteristics as a Type I in that it is non-combustible construction. The major difference is that it is not protected. A rule of thumb is typically a Type II building will have rating requirements of one hour or less.
