All of these project management processes belong to five major project management process groups. These project management process groups are called initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling and closing.
The five phases of management activity related to systems management are described in the following sections.
- Phase 1: Setting Objectives. The first and most important phase is setting objectives.
- Phase 2: Planning.
- Phase 3: Execution.
- Phase 4: Measurement.
- Phase 5: Control.
Key Difference: Management is the process or practice of managing. It is the act of coordinating the efforts of people to accomplish certain goals. On the other hand, control is the exercise where one influences , suggests or dictates the behavior.
This paper takes the view that a comprehensive view of control systems should include at least five components: performance measure- ment, strategy, organization structure, direction and motivation. Each of these compo- nents reflects management choices, but those choices have implications for the other components.
Three basic types of control systems are available to executives: (1) output control, (2) behavioural control, and (3) clan control.
The following are common types of management control.
- Structures. Organizational structures such as authority, roles, accountability, responsibility and separation of concerns.
- Task Assignment. Assigning work to teams and individuals.
- Monitoring.
- Tools.
- Policy.
- Accounting.
Developed by the Project Management Institute (PMI), the five phases of project management include conception and initiation, planning, execution, performance/monitoring, and project close.
Control is a management process to aim at achieving defined goals within an established timetable, and comprises of three components: (1) setting standards, (2) measuring actual performance, and (3) taking corrective action.
There are five functional categories of TPS: sales/marketing, manufacturing/production, finance/accounting, human resources, and other types of systems specific to a particular industry. Within each of these major functions are subfunctions.
Some of the common types of Management Information Systems include process control systems, human resource management systems, sales and marketing systems, inventory control systems, office automation systems, enterprise resource planning systems, accounting and finance systems and management reporting systems.
An information system is described as having five components.
- Computer hardware. This is the physical technology that works with information.
- Computer software. The hardware needs to know what to do, and that is the role of software.
- Telecommunications.
- Databases and data warehouses.
- Human resources and procedures.
Common Types of Information Systems
- Executive Support Systems (ESS)
- Management Information Systems (MIS)
- Decision Support Systems (DSS)
- Knowledge Management Systems (KMS)
- Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
- Office Automation Systems (OAS)
There are three types of information that we deal with every day. They are: Context – Big Picture. Content – nuts and bolts.
Management Information System (MIS) are computer based information systems consisting of the network of all communication channels used within an organization. Its functionalities include : Integrated database of the MIS enables greater flexibility in meeting the information needs of the management.
The most common types of IS include the following:
- Executive Support Systems (ESS)
- Management Information Systems (MIS)
- Decision Support Systems (DSS)
- Knowledge Management Systems (KMS)
- Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
- Office Automation Systems (OAS)
There are various types of information systems, for example: transaction processing systems, decision support systems, knowledge management systems, learning management systems, database management systems, and office information systems.
The various types of information systems that an organization uses may be classified into the following categories:
- Office automation systems.
- Transaction processing system.
- Decision support systems.
- Executive information systems.
- Business expert system.
As the name implies, MIS is a system that generates and provides Information to Management, for the purpose of managing and improving the business processes. It is a component based system that provides data and required information to management for supporting and enabling them in their decision making process.
Management Information System is generally defined as an integrated user-machine system for providing information to support operations, management and decision-making functions in an organization. The MIS is defined as a system which provides information support for decision-making in the organization.
Below is a list of steps to follow when planning to adopt an MIS.
- Define Outcomes.
- Form your team.
- Define what your system needs to do.
- Find the right solution.
- Select the right vendors.
- Estimate implementation and operating costs.
- Create an implementation plan.
- Understand and manage project risks.
The 7 phases of Software Development Life Cycle are planning, requirements, design, development, testing, deployment, and maintenance. Software Development Life Cycle consists of a complete plan explaining the way to develop, maintain and replace specific software system.
MIS is the use of information technology, people, and business processes to record, store and process data to produce information that decision makers can use to make day to day decisions. The full form of MIS is Management Information Systems.
Stages of Development of MIS
- In order to develop a system successfully, it is managed by breaking the total development process into smaller basic activities or phases.
- i) Systems Planning.
- ii) Systems Analysis.
- iii) Systems Design.
- iv) Systems Implementation.
- v) Systems Operation and Support.
Implementation of MIS
- Implementation Plan. It is the series of action-oriented steps planned for making the implementation smooth.
- Organizing the MIS Department.
- Selection and Procurement of Hardware.
- Procurement of Software.
- Creating the Database.
- Training of Users.
- Creating Physical Infrastructure.
- Transition to the New System.
Planning techniques are those methods or processes followed by planners in preparing or evaluating their plans, programs, and policies. Planners have a considerable array of analytic techniques at their disposal.
The major stages of the human life cycle are defined as follows:
- Pregnancy. The development of a zygote into an embryo and then into a fetus in preparation for childbirth.
- Infancy. The earliest part of childhood.
- Toddler years.
- Childhood.
- Puberty.
- Older adolescence.
- Adulthood.
- Middle age.
3. Project execution and monitoring phase. This is the main and most important stage of your entire project management life cycle. It is the real start of the project.
The Project Life Cycle consists of four main phases through which the Project Manager and his team try to achieve the objectives that the project itself sets. The four phases that mark the life of the project are: conception / start, planning, execution / implementation and closure.
10 common problems project teams face
- Lack of trust. Trust is crucial to teamwork, and it starts with people knowing each other.
- Conflict and tension.
- Not sharing information.
- Low engagement.
- Lack of transparency.
- No long-term thinking.
- Badly perceived, not delivering.
- Poor change management.
Project life cycle is a framework that splits a project into manageable phases and signifies the main milestones or decision points throughout the project lifespan. A traditional project life cycle includes four phases: definition, planning, execution and closure.
A project life cycle is the sequence of phases that a project goes through from its initiation to its closure. The project lifecycle can be defined and modified as per the needs and aspects of the organization.
PERT is a technique of planning and control of time. Unlike CPM, which is a method to control costs and time. While PERT is evolved as a research and development project, CPM evolved as a construction project. PERT is set according to events while CPM is aligned towards activities. A deterministic model is used in CPM.
Here are the nine principles of project management:
- Formal project management structure.
- Invested and engaged project sponsor.
- Clear and objective goals and outcomes.
- Documented roles and responsibilities.
- Strong change management.
- Risk management.
- Mature value delivery capabilities.
- Performance management baseline.
Start your Wrike free trial to build and share your project plan.
- Step 1: Identify & Meet with Stakeholders.
- Step 2: Set & Prioritize Goals.
- Step 3: Define Deliverables.
- Step 4: Create the Project Schedule.
- Step 5: Identify Issues and Complete a Risk Assessment.
- Step 6: Present the Project Plan to Stakeholders.
