SYSTEM OF ELECTION
Elections to the Lok Sabha and each Vidhan Sabha are carried out using a first-past-the-post electoral system. For each constituency, the electors can cast their vote for a single candidate (of their choice), the winner being the candidate who gets the most votes.There are three broad types of electoral systems that are adopted worldwide. The majoritarian, proportional and mixed hybrid systems. There are three subcategories that fall under majoritarian systems: the single member plurality (SMP), the two- round or the second ballot system and the alternative vote.
In elections to the House of Commons, a single individual is elected from a Parliamentary constituency to serve as the Member of Parliament. This can be done either by the current voting system known as “First Past The Post” (FPTP), or by the Alternative Vote (AV) system.
A general election is a political voting election where generally all or most members of a given political body are chosen. These are usually held for a nation's primary legislative body, as distinguished from by-elections and local elections. A general election day may also include elections for local officials.
Direct election is a system of choosing political officeholders in which the voters directly cast ballots for the persons, or political party that they desire to see elected. By contrast, in an indirect election, the voters elect a body which in turn elects the officeholder in question.
SYSTEM OF ELECTION
Elections to the Lok Sabha and each Vidhan Sabha are carried out using a first-past-the-post electoral system. For each constituency, the electors can cast their vote for a single candidate (of their choice), the winner being the candidate who gets the most votes.Elections keep a democratic country functioning, as they give people the right to select their own government. However, there are ways a government can "fix" elections. Opposition candidates are permitted in former USSR countries, but they are usually prevented from using broadcasting or the newspapers.
MMP is used by Germany, Bolivia, Lesotho, and New Zealand.
| Acronym | Definition |
|---|
| NV | Nevada (US postal abbreviation) |
| NV | Naamloze Vennootschap (Dutch: Limited Liability Company) |
| NV | Non-Vintage (champagne) |
| NV | Navy |
A roll call vote occurs when each senator votes "Yea" or "Nay" as his or her name is called by the clerk, who records the votes on a tally sheet. In the case of a tie, the vice president (president of the Senate) casts the tie breaking vote.
PRES
| Acronym | Definition |
|---|
| PRES | Pressure (meteorology) |
| PRES | Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (hypertensive encephalopathy) |
| PRES | Primary Reserve (Canadian armed forces) |
| PRES | Pôle de Recherche et d'Enseignement Supérieur (French: Center for Research and Higher Education) |
yeas and nays - A senator who wants a roll call vote on a pending question asks for the "yeas and nays" on the question. The request will be granted if seconded by one-fifth of a quorum, but this action does not bring debate to an end; it only means that whenever debate does end, a roll call vote will occur. act.
Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Yea indicates a yes vote. Nay indicates a no vote. Yay is an affirmative exclamation, and is also used concurrently with a hand gesture to indicate size. It is not used for voting.
In the United States House of Representatives and many other legislatures, members may vote "present" rather than for or against a bill or resolution, which has the effect of an abstention. Members may decline to vote, in committee or on the floor, on any matter which he or she believes would be a conflict of interest.
roll call vote - A vote in which each senator votes "yea" or "nay" as his or her name is called by the clerk, so that the names of senators voting on each side are recorded.
Voting in the Senate is the ultimate step in the legislative process. When a bill is passed by the Senate and the House of Representatives, it is sent to the president for his signature. He can sign the bill into law or veto it. Congress can overturn a presidential veto with a two-thirds majority in both houses.
The number of votes for runner over opponent (runner,opponent) is compared with the number of votes for opponent over runner (opponent,runner) to find the Condorcet winner. In the sum matrix above, A is the Condorcet winner because A beats every other candidate.
In positional voting, voters cast their preferences using a conventional ranked ballot. For each option, the points corresponding to the voters' preferences are tallied. The option with the most points is the winner.
Runoff voting can refer to: Two-round system, a voting system used to elect a single winner, whereby only two candidates from the first round continue to the second round, where one candidate will win. Instant-runoff voting, an electoral system whereby voters rank the candidates in order of preference.
Summary. In a contest between candidates A and B run using the preferential-vote form of Condorcet method, if more voters mark their ballots that they prefer candidate A over candidate B than the number of voters who mark their ballots to the contrary, then Candidate B is not (supposed to be) elected.
Condorcet criterion. The Condorcet candidate ( a.k.a. Condorcet winner) is the person who would win a two-candidate election against each of the other candidates in a plurality vote. For a set of candidates, the Condorcet winner is always the same regardless of the voting system in question.
Pairwise comparison generally is any process of comparing entities in pairs to judge which of each entity is preferred, or has a greater amount of some quantitative property, or whether or not the two entities are identical. In psychology literature, it is often referred to as paired comparison.
Borda count is a voting system in which voters rank the candidates in an order of preference. The candidate with the most points wins. The Borda count does not comply with the Condorcet criterion in the following case.
If a candidate has more than half of the vote based on first-choices, that candidate wins. If not, then the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated. The voters who selected the defeated candidate as a first choice then have their votes added to the totals of their next choice.
In single winner plurality voting, each voter is allowed to vote for only one candidate, and the winner of the election is whichever candidate represents a plurality of voters, that is, whoever received the largest number of votes.
There are many variations in electoral systems, but the most common systems are first-past-the-post voting, the two-round (runoff) system, proportional representation and ranked voting. Some electoral systems, such as mixed systems, attempt to combine the benefits of non-proportional and proportional systems.
AV is also used in by-elections to select hereditary peers for the House of Lords. A variant of AV called the supplementary vote is used to elect the Mayor of London and the mayors of other UK cities. A related system called the exhaustive ballot is used to elect the Speaker of the House of Commons.
FPTP is most often criticized for its failure to reflect the popular vote in the number of seats awarded to competing parties. Critics argue that a fundamental requirement of an election system is to accurately represent the views of voters, but FPTP often fails in this respect.
Countries with STV
| Australia | Federal (country-wide) |
|---|
| Pakistan |
| United Kingdom | Northern Ireland |
| Scotland |
| United States |
Canada's electoral system is referred to as a "first past the post" system. The candidate with the most votes in a riding wins a seat in the House of Commons and represents that riding as its Member of Parliament (MP). An absolute majority of the electorate is not needed, and is rarely achieved.
However, STV is considered to be a form of proportional representation, using multi-member constituencies, while AV, in single-member constituencies, is not. STV was reintroduced in Northern Ireland and list-PR introduced for European elections except in Northern Ireland.
Proportional representation (PR) characterizes electoral systems in which divisions in an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body. If n% of the electorate support a particular political party as their favorite, then roughly n% of seats will be won by that party.
The term hung parliament is most often used of parliaments dominated by two major parties or coalitions. General elections in such systems usually result in one party having an absolute majority and thus quickly forming a new government.
