Your in-text citation should include both authors: the author(s) of the original source and the author(s) of the secondary source. For example: (Habermehl, 1985, as cited in Kersten, 1987). In your reference list you should provide the details of the secondary source (the source you read).
A secondary reference is when you quote or paraphrase from a source which is mentioned in another text. If you do happen to use a secondary reference in your essay or dissertation, you need to include in the in-text reference both the source you have read, and the one where you are indirectly referring to their work.
When making reference to the spoken words of someone other than the author recorded in a text, cite the name of the person and the name of the author, date and page reference of the work in which the quote or reference appears.
Cite in text the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and the year. Use double quotation marks around the title or abbreviated title.: ("All 33 Chile Miners," 2010). Note: Use the full title of the web page if it is short for the parenthetical citation.
In APA, secondary sources often refer to sources found within other sources. Citing a source within a source is acceptable within academic writing as long as these citations are kept to a minimum. You should use a secondary source only if you are unable to find or retrieve the original source of information.
In-text referencing when paraphrasing from a secondary source.
- The family name(s) of the author(s).
- No initials are required.
- Cited in (you must use these words).
- The name(s) of the author(s) whose book you have read.
- The year of publication of the book you have read.
Arrange two or more works by the same authors (in the same order) by year of publication. Place in-press citations last. Give the authors' surnames once; for each subsequent work, give only the date.
When using APA format, follow the author, date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, e.g., (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
Don't cite when you are stating common knowledge.
Examples of information that would not need to be cited include: The Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776. Barack Obama became the 44th president of the United States in January, 2009.When you reference the same source more than once in the same paragraph, and no other source intervenes, you may give the in-text citation just once at the end of the paragraph. If, however, this technique creates any ambiguity about your reference, it is better to cite the source every time you reference it.
You must cite a reference when you:
- Discuss, summarize, or paraphrase the ideas of an author.
- Provide a direct quotation.
- Use statistical or other data.
Information that always must be cited—whether web-based or print-based—includes:
- Quotations, opinions, and predictions, whether directly quoted or paraphrased.
- Statistics derived by the original author.
- Visuals in the original.
- Another author's theories.
- Case studies.
Citation STYLE refers to the formal style used for the citations. Referencing is usually used to refer to the list at the end of the document (which describes the full source for the citation). But you will see it referred to as referencing style as well, because there is a formal style used for the reference list.
A citation should be used when content that did not originate with you is used to support your writing. Content includes: words (quotations, phrases, sayings, etc.) thoughts or ideas (summarizations and paraphrases)
The purpose of citation is to acknowledge the source of your information and ideas, to avoid plagiarism, and to allow the reader verify your claims. You do not need to cite common knowledge because it is widely known, undisputed and easily verified, and it generally cannot be attributed to a specific person or paper.
In a research paper for history, you generally need not cite common knowledge. Common knowledge may be considered any information readily available in any encyclopedia. No need to include the source of this basic information. Arcane or debated facts of the past, however, need to be cited.
Speeches, Lectures, or Other Oral Presentations (including Conference Presentations) Start with speaker's name. Then, give the title of the speech (if any) in quotation marks. Follow with the title of the particular conference or meeting and then the name of the organization.
Structure of a citation for an image found on a website in MLA 8: Creator's Last name, First name. “Title of the digital image.” Title of the website, First name Last name of any contributors, Version (if applicable), Number (if applicable), Publisher, Publication date, URL.
Definition of parenthetical citations
Parenthetical citations are citations to original sources that appear in the text of your paper. This allows the reader to see immediately where your information comes from, and it saves you the trouble of having to make footnotes or endnotes.Add citations to your document
- Click at the end of the sentence or phrase that you want to cite, and then on the References tab, in the Citations & Bibliography group, click Insert Citations.
- From the list of citations under Insert Citation, select the citation you want to use.
Include any in-text citations for class notes on the Works Cited page. Begin with the last name of the lecturer, a comma and the first name. Within quotation marks, put the title of the lecture and a period. If there is no title, use "Lecture" without quotation marks, and add a period.
Modern Language Association
In order to cite the transcript, locate the following pieces of information:
- The author's name.
- Title of the article or individual page.
- Title of the website.
- Name of the publisher.
- Date that the resource was published.
- Date the resource was retrieved.
- The URL or direct link to the resource.
Information required for citing personal communications includes:
- The name of the person.
- The type of interview or communication, e.g. personal interview, telephone interview, etc.
- The date (day, month. and year, if possible) of the communication.
- The location and city (for a lecture.
- The subject line (for an email)
Structure of a citation for an e-book found on an e-reader in MLA 8: Author's last name, First name. “Title of the chapter or section.” Title of the e-book, translated by or edited by First name Last name, Name of e-reader device, vol. number, Publisher, Year of publication, page number(s).
